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When you turn a car's steering wheel, whether you go forwards or backwards. So it seems like it should be just as easy to steer going backwards as going forwards.But clearly,it's not.Suprisingly,the difficulty of driving backwards has almost nothing to do with the direction you're facing and everything to do with the fact that you steer using the front wheels.
µ±ÄãŤת·½ÏòÅÌ£¬³µ×Ó¶¼»áËæÏàͬµÄÍäÇú¶ÈÔ˶¯¡£ËùÒÔ¿´ÆðÀ´µ¹³µËƺõºÍǰ½øÒ»Ñù¼òµ¥¡£µ«ÊÇÏÔÈ»£¬ÊÂʵ²¢·ÇÈç´Ë¡£Ææ¹ÖµÄÊÇ£¬µ¹³µµÄÀ§ÄÑÖ®´¦ÔÚËü¼¸ºõÓëÄã¶Ô·½ÏòÅ̵ĿØÖÆÎÞ¹ØÎÊÌâÔÚÓÚÄãËù¿ØÖƵÄÊdzµ×ÓµÄǰÂÖ¡£

When driving forwards,a car goes in the direction the front wheels are pointed.And when driving backwards,the car goes where the back wheels are pointed.Simple!But the difference is that going forwards,the direction of travel is determined by the same wheels you steer with,so you just point them where you want to go,and that's where you go,the back wheels follow automatically.
ÏòǰÐÐʻʱ£¬³µ×Ó˳×ÅǰÂֵķ½ÏòǰÐС£¶øµ¹³µÊ±£¬³µ×Ó˳ӦµÄÊǺóÂֵķ½Ïò¡£ºÜ¼òµ¥£¬ÎÊÌâÔÚÓÚ£¬Ç°½øÊ±¾ö¶¨·½ÏòµÄ³µÂÖÓëÄã¿ØÖÆµÄ³µÂÖÏàͬ£¬ËùÒÔÄãÖ»Òª´òºÃ·½ÏòÅ̳µ×Ӿͳ¯ÄãÔ¤ÆÚµÄ·½Ïòǰ½øÁË£¬ºóÂÖ»á¸ú×ÅǰÂÖǰ½ø¡£

In physics,we call this a "stable"system.like dangling a pencil from your fingers-move your hand around and the pencil follows,no thought required.However,when driving backwards,the direction of travel is determined by the back wheels but you steer with the front wheels.
ÔÚÎïÀíÖÐ,ÎÒÃdzÆÖ®Îª“Îȶ¨”ϵͳ£¬¾ÍÏñ¹ÒÔÚÖ¸¼âµÄǦ±ÊÒÆ¶¯ÊÖÖ¸Ëü¾Í»á¸ú×Ŷ¯£¬ÎÞÐè×Ô¾ßÏë·¨¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚµ¹³µÊ±£¬¾ö¶¨³µ×ÓÔ˶¯·½ÏòµÄÊǺóÂÖ£¬¶øÄã¿ØÖÆµÄÈ´ÊÇǰÂÖ¡£



So rather than just pointing the front wheels where you want to go,you have to point them in the direction that will get the back wheelsto point in the direction you want to go-it's an additional level of separation before the car does what you want.
ÓëÖ»Ðè¿ØÖÆÇ°ÂÖÔ˶¯²»Í¬£¬ÄãÐèҪͨ¹ý¿ØÖÆÇ°ÂÖÒýµ¼ºóÂÖÏò×ÅÄãÔ¤ÆÚµÄ·½ÏòÔ˶¯¡£ÕâÊÇ¿ØÖƺóµ×ӵĸ½¼Ó²Ù×÷¡£

And in fact,if you don't make any corrections,then over time the back wheels point farther and farther away from the direction you want to go:instead of following the front wheels,they want to run away!This is an unstable system,like trying to balance a pencil on your fingertip.It's incredibly finicky and requires a ton of coordinated hand-eye feedback to maintain.
ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬Èç¹ûÄã²»²ÉÈ¡ÐÞÕý´ëÊ©£¬Ëæ×Åʱ¼äÁ÷ʧ£¬ºóÂ־ͻáÔ½À´Ô½Æ«ÀëÄãÔ¤ÆÚµÄ·½Ïò£º²»µ«²»ËæÇ°ÂÖÔ˶¯ ¶øÇÒ»¹»áʧ¿Ø£¡ÕâÊÇÒ»¸ö²»Îȶ¨ÏµÍ³£¬¾ÍÏñ³¢ÊÔÆ½ºâÁ¢ÔÚÖ¸¼âÉϵÄǦ±ÊÒ»Ñù¡£ÕâÏ൱½²¾¿£¬ÐèÒª²»Í£µÄ½øÐÐÊÖÑÛ·´À¡Ð­µ÷À´Íê³É¡£

That's why you constantly have to readjust your steering when driving backwards-mathematically,your car is like an upside-down pencil! Of course,there are some successful rear-steering wheeled vehicles-forklifts,for example,only drive slowly and choose rear-steering for greater control of their forks.
Õâ¾ÍÊǵ¹³µÊ±ÄãÐèÒª²»¶Ïµ÷ÕûÂÖÌ¥·½ÏòµÄÔ­Òò£­Êýѧ˵·¨¾ÍÊÇ ÄãµÄ³µ¾ÍÏñ¶«ÍáÎ÷µ¹µÄǦ±Ê£¡µ±È» Ò²ÓÐһЩºÜ°ôµÄºóÂÖ¿ØÖÆ×ªÏòµÄ³µ×Ó£­ÀýÈ磬²æ³µ£¬ÐÐÊ»»ºÂý ²¢ÇÒÑ¡ÔñºóÂÖÖ÷¿Ø²æ×Ó¡£

But let's go in the other direction and add a TRAILER to your car steering backwards has gained ANOTHER level of difficulty:you use your front wheels to get the back wheels to point in the direction needed to get the TRAILER to point in the direction you want to go.Not complicated enough?It becomes worse the more trailers you add each one adds another level of separation between the direction of your steering and the actual direction of travel.
ÏÖÔÚÎÒÃǼӵãÄѶȣ¬¸ø³µ×Ó¼Ó¸öÍϳµ£¬Õâϵ¹³µÄѶÈÓÖ¸üÉÏÒ»²ãÂ¥ÁË£ºÄãͨ¹ý¿ØÖÆÇ°ÂÖÒýµ¼ºóÂֵķ½Ïò£¬Í¬Ê±»¹ÐèҪʹÍϳµÏòÔ¤¶¨·½ÏòÔ˶¯¡£ÄѶȻ¹²»¹»£¿Ôö¼Ó¸ü¶àÍϳµºóÇé¿ö¾Í¸üÔã¸âÁË£¬Ã¿Ôö¼ÓÒ»Á¾Íϳµ¾Í»áʹʵ¼ÊÔ˶¯·½Ïò¸ü¼ÓÆ«ÀëÔ¤ÆÚµÄÔ˶¯·½Ïò¡£

Which is why it's nearly impossible to push on one end of a chain or a rope and have the other end go where you want it to,and why you will never,ever blance a flexible rope or chain upright on your finger.which makes backwards driving seem downright easy!
Õâ¾ÍÊÇΪºÎ½«Á´Ìõ»òÉþË÷µÄÒ»¶ËÖÃÓÚÖ¸¼âʱÄãÓÀÔ¶ÎÞ·¨¿ØÖÆÁíÒ»¶ËµÄÔ˶¯·½Ïò£¬Ò²ÊÇÄãΪºÎÓÀÔ¶ÎÞ·¨ÁîÁé»îµÄËøÁ´Ö±Á¢ÓÚÖ¸¼âÉϵÄÔ­Òò¡£Ïà±È֮ϣ¬µ¹³µÕæÊǼòµ¥±¬ÁË£¡



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